Smokers and Non-Smokers: Why No One Is Safe from Lung Cancer?

Lung cancer is a serious disease that affects millions of people around the world annually. Once thought to affect only smokers, this type of cancer now reaches a wider range of the population. While smoking is still considered the number one risk factor, other causes can explain the development of this condition and raise the question: who is truly safe from lung cancer? Scientific evidence shows that even those who have never smoked can develop this type of cancer, making the issue even more pressing.

The Effects of Smoking on Lung Cancer

By far, the most common cause of lung cancer is smoking. It is estimated that 85 to 90% of lung cancers are directly linked to tobacco use. Cigarette smoke contains carcinogens such as tar and nitrosamines, which destroy the cellular lining of the lungs, potentially leading to malignant tumours. The longer one consumes tobacco, and the more intensively it is consumed, the higher the risk. Smoking remains an undeniable risk factor for smokers.

One major mechanism through which tobacco causes mutations in cells is chronic exposure to harmful chemicals in smoke. These poisonous substances can alter the DNA of lung cells, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. Additionally, chronic lung infections and exposure to industrial pollutants may exacerbate these mutations.

Non-Smokers: Why Are They Also at Risk?

Although smoking is a major risk factor, it is crucial to understand that even non-smokers are not immune to lung cancer. Approximately 10 to 15% of lung cancer patients have never smoked, a fact that raises many questions about other causes.

Experts have identified several environmental risks that can increase the likelihood of lung cancer among non-smokers. Radon exposure is one of the most dangerous risks. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas produced from rocks and soil. It can accumulate to hazardous levels inside homes, particularly in poorly ventilated areas. About 10% of lung cancers, including cases among non-smokers, are linked to radon exposure.

Other Risk Factors: Air Pollution, Asbestos, and Genetics

Another major risk for non-smokers is air pollution. Fine particles and harmful gases—produced mainly by vehicles, factories, and power plants—contribute to respiratory diseases and cancer. Studies show that non-smokers living in polluted environments face a lung cancer risk comparable to that of smokers.

Additionally, asbestos exposure is a well-known risk factor. Although its use is now heavily regulated in many countries, asbestos continues to endanger individuals who worked in industries where exposure was common. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause lung damage, leading to severe respiratory illnesses and cancer—even in non-smokers.

Genetic predispositions also play a role. Some genetic mutations can make lung cells more vulnerable to carcinogens. While less common, these genetic factors are increasingly recognized in cases of lung cancer among non-smokers.

Prevention: Everyone Can Act

Lung cancer is one of the hardest cancers to treat, often being diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, several preventive measures can reduce risks for both smokers and non-smokers.

For smokers, the most effective step is to quit smoking. Even after years of smoking, quitting can significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer, although the risk never disappears entirely. Methods such as nicotine replacement, behavioral therapy, and medications prescribed by a doctor can be helpful.

For non-smokers, prevention involves reducing exposure to air pollution and testing for radon gas in homes, especially in high-risk areas. Adhering to workplace safety standards and removing asbestos from buildings can also help minimize exposure.

The Need for Early Screening

Early detection is critical for improving lung cancer survival rates. While smokers are generally aware of their risk, non-smokers often neglect screening. Tests like chest X-rays and CT scans can detect lung abnormalities early, increasing the chances of successful treatment.

Screening is recommended for high-risk groups, including people living in polluted environments, those exposed to asbestos, and individuals with a family history of lung cancer.

Lung cancer is a complex disease that strikes both smokers and non-smokers. While smoking remains the leading risk factor, exposure to radon, air pollution, asbestos, and genetic predispositions increases risks for millions of non-smokers. This highlights the importance of prevention, early screening, and reducing exposure to toxic substances.

No one is entirely safe, but by taking proactive steps, both individually and collectively, we can reduce the burden of this devastating disease.